Learning Objectives:

1.A.4:  Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines,  including mathematics.

1.B.2:  Phylogenetic trees and cladograms are graphical representations (models) of evolutionary history that can be tested.

1.D.1:  There are several hypotheses about the natural origin of life on Earth, each with supporting scientific evidence.

1.D.2:  Scientific evidence from many different disciplines supports models of the origin of life.

2.A.3:  Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce, and maintain organization.

2.D.1:  All biological systems from cells and organisms to populations, communities and ecosystems are affected by complex biotic and abiotic

              interactions involving exchange of matter and free energy.

2.E.2:  Timing and coordination of physiological events are regulated by multiple mechanisms.

3.A.1:  DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.

3.D.3:  Signal transduction pathways link signal reception with cellular response.

3.D.4:  Changes in signal transduction pathways can alter cellular response.